Bitcoin as a Hedge Against Upcoming Global Market Crash

Bitcoin (BTC) has thus far flourished in 2019, surging 188% from its December lows of $3,150 to a recent high of $9,070 on May 30.

This extremely bullish price action is contrary to the prices seen in traditional stock markets, as the world’s biggest economies have suffer from a minor financial downturn. As reported by Tuur Demeester, the founding partner of Adamant Capital, Bitcoin’s bullish price action could be attributed to international macroeconomic issues that tend to have a direct impact on Bitcoin’s price. Therefore, could Bitcoin be used as a hedge against an upcoming global market crash?

US-China Trade War Positive for Bitcoin

According to Demeester, the US-China trade war could be fueling this year’s bull run, as it is negatively affecting the Chinese yuan and appears to be positively affecting the price of Bitcoin. In his Medium post,

he said:

“On May 5th, the Chinese yuan started weakening against the US dollar, and 13 days later traded 2.5 percent lower — a huge move in forex terms. Remarkably, that was also the week that Bitcoin broke above the resistance of $6,500.”

In addition to this, the Russian international television network RT also suggested that the trade war between the two economic giants could potentially be leading Chinese investors to abandon the yuan and seek out Bitcoin in anticipation of the yuan falling further. Furthermore, while Bitcoin and cryptocurrency trading is banned in China, Chinese traders are still managing to trade, and China has a vibrant over-the-counter (OTC) market, according to BitMEX CEO Arthur Hayes. Hayes said that just because OkCoin and Huobi have halted operations in mainland China, doesn’t necessarily mean they have exited the Chinese market. In fact, Hayes believes the Chinese cryptocurrency market is very strong,

stating:

“The OTC market is vibrant, and these venues have found politically acceptable ways to allow buyers and sellers to meet in China. Zhao Dong, arguably the largest OTC trader in China, is one of the main people responsible for the successful $1bn Bitfinex LEO IEO. He went on the record supporting Bitfinex to the Chinese crypto community, and his clout and network helped Bitfinex win back the Chinese traders. China still matters.”

Article Produced By
Jeremy Wall

Jeremy is a financial writer and aspiring investor. He is also a cryptocurrency enthusiast that’s fascinated with blockchain technology and the financial markets. When he’s not researching and learning about cryptocurrency, he’s traveling the world with his dog and girlfriend.

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If Steemit and Medium Had a Baby: Publish0x Rewards Both Authors and Readers in Crypto

If Steemit and Medium Had a Baby: Publish0x Rewards Both Authors and Readers in Crypto

Publish0x, a crypto-agnostic blogging platform, has launched with the intention to change the publishing industry by rewarding not just authors but also readers with crypto.

No ICO: Publish0x is Crypto-Agnostic

Publish0x didn’t conduct an ICO or raise funds, and it doesn’t have its own token. It is crypto-agnostic, and aims to integrate multiple tokens which can be used to send tips. The business model is to offer different projects the chance to sponsor the site and give out larger tips to all users. Although still in beta, there are over 1,000 users, tipping hundreds of times daily, and several coins have signed up to blog from the platform including Selfkey ($KEY), SpectreCoin ($XSPEC), Syscoin ($SYS), OneRoot ($RNT), Loopring ($LRC), Bounty0x ($BNTY), Banano ($BAN), Qubitica ($QBIT) and others.

Earn Crypto While Supporting the Project You Love

The biggest supporters form some of the best projects in the crypto space have already understood the powerful benefits Publish0x is offering. Hydrogen Project ($HYDRO) and Basic Attention Token ($BAT) supporters have written articles that raised awareness about their favorite projects, and have earned crypto while doing it!

Earn Crypto for Reading: How it Works

When you scroll to the bottom of any article on Publish0x, you will see a “tipper.” The reader chooses what percentage of the tip to keep to himself, and what percentage to give to the author. The minimum percentage of the tip that goes to the author is 20%. All of the tips are completely free to both author and reader. Unlike blockchain-based blogging platforms like Steemit and Minds, Publish0x is crypto-agnostic and doesn’t have its own token. Rather, it pays out in any number of ERC-20 compliant tokens that can be traded on different exchanges. Don’t be a laggard and try out the next level of publishing platforms; start reading and blogging by registering on Publish0x now, and get rewarded in crypto for your efforts.

Article Produced By
Editorial Staff

https://www.investinblockchain.com/publish0x-rewards-both-authors-readers/

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Coronavirus pandemic and about 145 billion remains in the congressionally approved fund the US Small Business Administration and Treasury Department said Sunday

Coronavirus pandemic, and about $145 billion remains in the congressionally approved fund, the U.S. Small Business Administration and Treasury Department said Sunday.

The SBA has processed about 2.2 million loans worth more than $175 billion since Congress last month authorized more funding for the Paycheck Protection Program, part of almost $3 trillion in spending to fight the heavy economic toll of the pandemic, which has thrown about 30 million Americans out of work.

The second round of funding was launched on Monday, allowing lenders to issue forgivable, government-guaranteed loans to small businesses shuttered by the outbreak.

The average loan size in the second round of the PPP loan processing has been $79,000, according to the statement released on Sunday.

The U.S. government's $660 billion small business rescue program has stumbled on missing paperwork, technology failure, and the misdirection of funds to big corporations. It also faces the hurdle of forgiving those hastily arranged loans.

The latest data released by the government does not address complaints around the transparency of the program. For example, it not include a breakdown of industries that have received loans.

The pandemic, which has killed more than 66,000 people in the United States, has shuttered wide swaths of American life, closing many businesses and schools and leaving hundreds of millions largely sheltering at home. Over the past week some U.S. states have begun to allow some businesses to reopen.

U.S. processes over $500 billion in small business loans to stem coronavirus fallout

The United States has made over $500 billion in loans to small businesses hit hard by the coronovirus

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David Stockman on the Destruction of the Financial Markets and What it Means for You

David Stockman on the Destruction of the Financial Markets and What it Means for You
by David Stockman

International Man: Decades of money printing have created enormous distortions in the market. It seems that the coronavirus popped the Everything Bubble. Where do you see the stock market going? 

David Stockman: I’d say it’s going in a new direction, and it’s not up year after year, month after month, day after day. 

It’s not going to be a world where buying the dip is a no-brainer thing to do. 

I think the stock market was insanely valued when the S&P 500 peaked at 3,380 on February 19th. 

It has got a long way yet to correct.

Who knows what earnings are going to be?

No one knows how long these lockdowns will last. 

You look at the news flow every day, and it’s like a massive political arm-wrestling match between the White House and the Democratic governors and mayors.

I’m sure in their minds, these local and state politicians, think they’re serving the public good and protecting the safety and lives of their citizens. But, the fact is, back in the unstated regions of their brains, they’re focused on taking down the US economy, which was Trump’s only claim to reelection. 

I think when push comes to shove in the great human struggle of things in our political system, this lockdown lunacy is going to be prolonged far longer than you can imagine, and the economic loss is going to be staggering. 

Even the Wall Street brokers now—Goldman Sachs and the rest of them—are projecting a 25 to 30% GDP collapse on an annualized basis in Q2.

Just a few days ago, they were all expecting this to be one and done, and that in the next quarter it’ll level out—but that view is fading very fast.

We have a hand-to-mouth economy. By that, I mean no business could afford cashflow interruption because they had levered their balance sheet to the hilt or had spent most of their cashflow available to buy back their stock.

So, once you start these chain reactions, you have incredibly vulnerable business balance sheets in America that collectively have $16 trillion of debt. 

I’m not talking about banks or financial institutions now—just operating businesses.

That’s not to mention American households—half them don’t even have $300 to last a week or two. 

Overwhelmingly, 90% of the households in America have been told that they’re the Energizer spending bunny of American economics, and if you don’t have enough wages this week, borrow some money on your credit card and just keep on spending. 

This has created a hand-to-mouth economy that has no immunities—if you want to use that metaphor in an economic sense. It cannot cope, and it has no antibodies to fight back against the interruption of paychecks and cash flow.

There is going to be broken furniture everywhere as it filters through an economy that is sitting with $74 trillion of public and private debt on its back. That’s how much we have today. 

People need to focus on this fact, that we thought we had a warning back when the great financial crisis occurred in 2008 when Lehman Brothers went bankrupt, the Great Recession, all that. 

At the time, there was $52 trillion of debt in the economy, and people said that we’re living beyond our means—we need to learn some lessons here and repair the excesses. 

Well, that never happened. We’ve added $22–23 trillion of debt since then. Therefore, the economy is now even more fragile, even more vulnerable to any kind of dislocation.

Now, what we’re getting is the mother of all dislocations. It’s happening so fast and severely that it’s off the charts. 

You can look at any of the so-called incoming indicators that everybody constantly jaws about on bubble vision on CNBC, and you will see that the last two data points are literally off the charts. The Empire State Index was out recently, and it’s down to -70, against a base of zero, and it usually says +20, 30, or 40. 

Never has anything like this been recorded. We have an economy that’s going to implode in the next four or five months. Earnings are going to drop tremendously. 

It’s going to be a question of whether the markets can convince themselves to "do the Rip Van Winkle thing, go to sleep on earnings for the next year, and start discounting 2022 earnings," or something.

I don’t think that’s going to work this time. I believe there is going to be a real loss of confidence because the Fed has no dry powder.

The market will likely work its way down in irregular, violent, volatile moves. It will go up for a few days and then experience a big correction, and up for a few more days, another big correction. 

The S&P 500 ought to be valued at 1,500 or 1,600, which is way the hell below where it is today—and far below where it was at the peak of almost 3,400.

What I’m saying is, the market that never stops rising has finally met its match. 

The patented "buy the dip" mantra is going to keep the thing alive for a few more months until the last robo-machine and day trader has his brains blown out after they bought the dip one more time and then got monkey-hammered by another reversal. 

That’s where I think we’re heading.

International Man: The Federal Reserve’s unprecedented bailout of everyone and everything seems to have no end. What do you think the consequences of this will be?

David Stockman: I think what people must get their minds around is that this is happening with such warp speed: job losses, cash flow, GDP, the federal budget. 

What the Fed has done is more off the charts than anything we’ve seen yet.

In early March, the balance sheet of the Fed was at $4.2 trillion—after they gave up on quantitative tightening (QT) and normalizing the balance sheet—which they promised to do when Ben Bernanke took it to these high levels after the great recession.

Recently, that number was $6.2 trillion.

In merely 30 days, they printed $2 trillion of additional balance sheet or doubled the first trillion. That’s the level first achieved in September 2008—and had taken the Fed 94 years to create from the days that it opened its doors. 

I calculated it: that’s about 35,000 days it took the Fed to get the first $1 trillion of balance sheet.

These madmen and women in the Eccles Building, it took them 30 days to create twice the amount of balance sheet that it took during those first 95 years of the Fed.

What does this mean? 

It means that they’re destroying the financial markets as we know them.

There’s no interest rate left. They’re pushing everything close to zero through this massive intervention and buying everything in sight directly or indirectly. That includes commercial paper, municipal bonds, investment-grade corporates, fallen angels, so to speak—that’s just a backdoor way into junk. They’re buying ETFs—the bond ETFs. 

It’s only a matter of time before they’re going to be in there, hand over fist, buying stocks.

Janet Yellen and all the rest of them are saying, "Well, maybe they need that additional power."

How can you have capitalism when you have no capital markets? 

It’s that simple. The Fed destroyed it.  

The consequence will be massive speculation, malinvestment, and keeping all the zombies alive.

For instance, the high yield market had a significant dislocation recently—where yields soared from 5% to 10% or more—which was an effort by Mr. Market to say that there are a lot of borrowers out there that aren’t solvent. They’re going to have to meet their maker in Chapter 11. 

So, what is the Fed trying to do? 

It’s trying to prevent any of that from happening. The Fed wants to keep everybody that has borrowed up to their eyeballs alive.

Therefore, it means that the economy will become weaker, more stagnant, and more inefficiency-ridden with time.

If you don’t have the cleansing process of creative disruption, if you don’t allow the price of capital to reflect risk and reward, if you don’t permit failures to be eliminated and liquidated, you’re going to have either a sclerotic economy like Italy or England or even worse, a Soviet economy, if you carry this far enough. 

Frankly, I think the right phrase for the Eccles Building and the twelve people on the FOMC is the "Monetary Politburo." They’re trying to control every movement in the entire economic system through the domination of financial asset prices and pegging of interest rates across the whole yield curve. 

It is madness.

Where it will lead is very hard to say. Obviously, not to anything good.

It is so off the charts, and ludicrous relative to anything anybody thought even ten years ago, certainly twenty or thirty years ago. It’s difficult to imagine how bad it is going to get, but it’s going to get pretty bad.

International Man: Those are some great points. Where do you see the future of the US dollar? 

David Stockman: To paraphrase Winston Churchill about democracy, the US dollar is the worst currency imaginable—except for all the other currencies in the world.

In other words, all the central banks are doing the same thing the Fed is doing, only worse. It’s a race to the bottom.

The European Central Bank cut its policy rate to even deeper subzero, which is just crazy.

The Bank of Japan might as well just buy a paper mill and print paper until there are no trees left in Japan. 

In the case of the US dollar, the traditional idea is that we’re going to destroy the currency. That’s true if the rest of the world is prudent.

We don’t have a Weimar Republic 1923 situation where they were trying, in the UK and certainly in New York, and the Bank of France, to restore sound money—prewar money. They failed, but they were attempting to restore sound money and a gold standard currency. 

Germany was a basket case economically; they were paying reparations and started up their printing press. There was massive capital outflow, they imported inflation, which then fed upon itself, and the whole wheelbarrow full of money thing happened.

That was inflation in one country when the rest of the world was trying to pursue relatively sound money.

By contrast, today, we have monetary inflation in all countries. So you look at the dollar, and you look at what the other central banks are doing, the dollar is the cleanest dirty shirt in the laundry. It’s probably going to get stronger, not weaker in the FX markets.

But that doesn’t mean that we’re out of the woods.

It only means that the central banks of the world collectively—which have already taken their balance sheets from $2 trillion in the late 1990s to over $25 trillion—are printing money at such a rate that they’re likely to bring down the entire world monetary system. Not simply the US dollar.

International Man: How will the Fed’s actions affect savers and retirees?

David Stockman: The essence of it is that the Fed policy is criminal—just flat out criminal—in terms of its impact on savers and retirees on a fixed income. 

There is no interest rate left unless you want to speculate in junk bonds. Why should a 78-year-old be speculating in junk bonds to pay for rent or put food on the table? 

It is criminal. 

That’s what this whole financial repression, zero interest rate, or subzero interest rate policy is doing. It’s hurting tens of millions of people who’ve tried to save and be prudent and not live hand to mouth. 

If something like COVID-19 comes along, or an earthquake depending on where you live, or just a bad spell of health affecting your family, you need something to fall back on.

How can people save today when you get nothing? 

Take somebody who worked in the steel mill 40 years, who was able to scratch and save and defer gratification. Let’s just say he came up with $300,000 of lifetime savings. He’s now retired. He needs to keep it liquid, but he’s earning less interest income per week than one cappuccino at Starbucks on a lifetime worth of savings. 

That’s so evil.

You may ask these central bankers, "Well, what about the savers?" These idiots say that there is too much in savings.

Well, let’s look around right now. 

Why do we have a $2.3 trillion bailout? Why are we giving helicopter money to upwards of 180 million people—who are going to get that $1,200 check? 

Why are we bailing out small businesses left and right to have them preserve jobs? 

Why are we doing all of that if there’s an excess of savings in the world?

In reality, there is no excess. It’s complete nonsense. 

The idea that the central bank is there to subsidize, coddle, and bail out the borrower and savage the saver is just fundamentally wrong and goes right to the heart of why we’re in such big trouble.

Editor's Note: The ripple effects of the government lockdown are only starting to take shape.

The consequences of which could be crippling to the average person—particularly savers, retirees, and investors.

Legendary speculator Doug Casey and David Stockman have just released an urgent new dispatch: The Covid-19 Crisis Survival Guide.

It shows you exactly what's happening and what you can do right now to not only preserve your savings, but have a shot at life-changing profits. Click here to see it now.

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Thought of the Week

"We must, therefore, emphasize that 'we' are not the government; the government is not 'us.' The government does not in any accurate sense 'represent' the majority of the people."

~Murray Rothbard

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Potential short-term bottom identified by a two-day candlestick pattern

Potential short-term bottom identified by a two-day candlestick pattern

While it is a little too early to say that the price correction in gold which began on the 23rd of last month is over, the first signs of a potential bottom have appeared today. Gold pricing did recover this morning, however at the same time, gold traded to the lowest intraday price of $1676 since the intraday low of $1666.50 seen on April 21st.

If this low achieved today holds throughout next week, and gold pricing trades higher we will witness gold trading to a higher low than the previous low. The key will be whether or not gold pricing can move above its most recent high of $1754 achieved on April 23rd.

We have also identified a simple two-day candlestick pattern that can indicate a pivot, or market called a piercing line. This pattern is a two-day candlestick pattern that occurs after the market has been in a defined downtrend. The first day of this pattern begins with a large red candle, which is created when a stock or commodity closes well below its opening price.

The following candle will be composed of a green candle, which is created when a stock or commodity closes well above its opening price. If it also opens below the close of the prior session this creates a price gap between the real body of the previous red candle. The green candle then must close at or above the midpoint of the prior days red candle. Lastly to take the signal one should wait for confirmation which means that the following day is a green candle with a higher high, and higher low than the previous green candle (the bigger the confirming candle the stronger the signal).

Silver traded higher today gaining almost seven cents on the day, with the most active May contract currently fixed at $15.04. The key distinction is that silver is trading below its 21-day exponential moving average and its 50-day moving average. While gold and silver tend to move in tandem, it is quite possible that if we see lower equity prices next week silver will continue to be pressured by its industrial component, rather than act as a safe haven asset.

Gold futures basis the most active contract month (June) closed up by a little over $14 today. As of 4:30 PM EDT gold futures are fixed at $1708.40, which is a net gain of $14.20 on the day. Today’s close is just off the intraday high of $1714.40. Gold never traded below its 50-day moving average. However, yesterday’s decline, as well as today’s opening price were below the 21-day exponential moving average which is currently fixed at $1700.40. Today’s $14 gain put pricing well above that average.

Our technical studies indicate that there is minor resistance at $1710.70, which is the 23% Fibonacci retracement, with the next level of resistance at $1764 which is the high that occurred on the 23rd of last month. With major resistance at $1788, which remains the highest value gold has obtained this year.

Wishing you as always good trading and good health,

By Gary Wagner

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Gold solidly down Thursday following sell off in US equities

Gold solidly down Thursday, following sell off in U.S. equities

Gold prices are posting solid losses in midday U.S. trading Thursday and were near daily lows, following the U.S. stock indexes lower as they also extended daily losses. Bullish outside markets today–a lower U.S. dollar index and sharply higher crude oil prices—offered no support to the precious metals. Some more profit taking in gold and silver from the shorter-term futures traders is featured today. June gold futures were last down $18.00 an ounce at $1,696.50. May Comex silver prices were last down $0.18 at $14.98 an ounce.

Thursday’s weekly jobless claims report, which has become the focal point of the marketplace in recent weeks, showed a rise of 3.84 million in new claims. The number was forecast to be 3.5 million. The report is a reminder of the dour state of the U.S. economy. The U.S. stock market lost its overnight gains after the release of this report.

Global stock markets were mostly firmer in overnight trading. Some upbeat news Wednesday on a drug trial that lessens the effects of Covid-19 and a big rebound in crude oil prices prompted some better trader and investor risk appetite as April winds down. Many U.S. states are now partially reopening their businesses.

In other news, the European Central Bank left its monetary policy unchanged at its regular meeting Thursday. However, the ECB also painted a very bleak picture for the Euro zone economy. The Euro zone gross domestic product contracted by 3.8% in the first quarter from the fourth quarter of 2019, and was down 14.4%, year-on-year, it was reported overnight. Those numbers are a record for the 14-nation bloc. The year-on-year decline in Euro zone GDP was much greater than the 4.8% drop in U.S. GDP in the same period, and reported on Wednesday.

A Reuters (Refinitiv) survey just released shows global jewelry fabrication volumes, which typically account for around 55% of total physical demand for gold, fell 40% in the first quarter, year-on-year. Investment demand was mixed, with retail investment, which consists of bars and coins, posting an 11% year-on-year drop. Physical gold demand fell to 753 metric tons in the first quarter, the lowest levels since 2009 as higher gold prices led to a drop in consumption. The biggest declines were recorded in Asia at down over 43% year-on-year. Chinese demand recorded a 62% decline in jewelry fabrication in the period.

The important outside markets see Nymex crude oil again solidly higher and trading around $17.50 a barrel. The U.S. dollar index is solidly lower today. The greenback bulls are fading fast this week, partly on notions other major countries’ economies are coming back to life faster than that of the U.S. The 10-year U.S. Treasury note yield is trading around 0.6% today.

Technically, June gold futures scored a bearish “outside day” down on the daily bar chart today. The bulls still have the firm overall near-term technical advantage amid a six-week-old price uptrend still in place on the daily bar chart. Gold bulls' next upside near-term price objective is to produce a close above solid technical resistance at the April high of $1,788.80. Bears' next near-term downside price objective is pushing prices below solid technical support at last week’s low of $1,666.20. First resistance is seen at $1707.80 and then at $1,725.00. First support is seen at today’s week’s low of $1,687.50 and then at 1,675.00. Wyckoff's Market Rating: 7.0

May silver futures also scored a bearish “outside day” down on the daily bar chart today. The silver bulls have the slight overall near-term technical advantage. However, a four-week-old uptrend on the daily bar chart has stalled out. Silver bulls’ next upside price objective is closing prices above solid technical resistance at the April high of $16.30 an ounce. The next downside price breakout objective for the bears is closing prices below solid support at $14.00. First resistance is seen at $15.25 and then at $15.50. Next support is seen at today’s low of $14.795 and then at $14.56. Wyckoff's Market Rating: 5.5.

May N.Y. copper closed down 285 points at 234.60 cents today. Prices closed near the session low today on profit taking after hitting a six-week high early on. The copper bulls still have the overall near-term technical advantage. Prices are in a five-week-old uptrend on the daily bar chart. Copper bulls' next upside price objective is pushing and closing prices above solid technical resistance at 250.00 cents. The next downside price objective for the bears is closing prices below solid technical support at last week’s low of 214.95 cents. First resistance is seen at today’s high of 240.80 cents and then at 243.00 cents. First support is seen at Wednesday’s low of 233.40 cents and then at 230.00 cents. Wyckoff's Market Rating: 6.0.

 

By Jim Wyckoff

 

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After a Decade of Promises Blockchain Still Fails to Deliver Privacy

 

After a Decade of Promises, Blockchain Still Fails to Deliver Privacy

Post by

– Apr 25, 2020

After a Decade of Promises, Blockchain Still Fails to Deliver Privacy

 

Does blockchain technology grant enough anonymity? Experts’ opinions vary, as some say the technology hasn’t lived up to the expectations. The first blockchain was launched more than 10 years ago and since then, it has evolved from simply being a backbone for Bitcoin (BTC) to a global technological phenomenon. In some sense, the distributed ledger became more popular than Bitcoin itself. Even the harshest cryptocurrency critics — like the government of China and JPMorgan Chase’s Jamie Dimon — recognize blockchain technology’s potential, while corporations as large as Microsoft and Accenture have adopted it to their needs.

However, there is another view of blockchain technology. One that is based on the assumption that the technology has stalled in certain areas it has been trying to disrupt — privacy being one of those fields.

In mainstream culture, Bitcoin is still viewed as a digital currency that allows users to stay fully under the radar. In reality, most cryptocurrencies based on public blockchains merely offer pseudonymity. Meanwhile, tracking cryptocurrency transactions is only getting easier for law enforcement agents. Therefore, how much privacy does blockchain really offer?

The feds are no longer scared

Back in 2012, at the dawn of blockchain and crypto, an internal FBI report leaked a warning to security service employees that Bitcoin provides a tool “to generate, transfer, launder and steal illicit funds with some anonymity.” The word “some” is key here, because according to the original white paper, “the risk is that if the owner of a key is revealed, linking could reveal other transactions that belonged to the same owner.” Therefore, Bitcoin, as well many other cryptocurrencies based on public blockchains, are pseudonymous and not fully anonymous — meaning that there is only a limited amount of privacy they can provide.

Indeed, as time went by, authorities started successfully tracking down criminals who used Bitcoin to cover their tracks. One of the most high-profile cases in that regard was the arrest of Ross Ulbricht, an American national who operated the renowned deep web marketplace “Silk Road.” As told by a former FBI special agent, Ilhwan Yum, in court during the trial, he managed to track more than 700,000 BTC from Silk Road to what appeared to be Ulbricht’s personal wallets. Suddenly, buying things with Bitcoin on the dark web was no longer seen as foolproof.

But that’s what bad guys get, one might argue, and law-abiding citizens have nothing to be afraid of. That’s not likely to be the case, as average cryptocurrency users could also be of interest to authorities. In 2018, top American exchange Coinbase informed approximately 13,000 of its customers that it was handing over their private information to the United States at the demand of the IRS. That data included social security numbers, names, birth dates, addresses and transaction records from 2013–2015.

In 2018, researchers from Qatar published a paper showing how easy it is to identify sloppy users through their years-old Bitcoin transactions — even for people who don’t work in the intelligence services. Upon collecting thousands of visible Bitcoin wallet addresses and searching for direct links between them and Tor-sensitive hidden services like Silk Road and The Pirate Bay, they were able to find 125 unique users along with their public accounts.

Pseudonymity is not good enough

“Public blockchains were not created for privacy,” Pavlo Radchuk, the blockchain security lead at Hacken, a self-described “ecosystem of white-hat hackers,” told Cointelegraph, explaining that an active Bitcoin or Ethereum user can be tracked in different ways like if “an account bought something on a website [with crypto]. Now, this website has this account’s related IP address; delivery physical address, receiver name, etc.”

Pseudonymity “is clearly not enough” when it comes to protecting one’s identity, Ghassan Karame, the manager and chief researcher at Security Group of NEC Laboratories Europe, confirmed in a conversation with Cointelegraph, elaborating: “The main issue with pseudonymity is that it does not hide the user profile including: transaction amounts, expenditure habits, time of payments, etc. Pseudonymity also does not attempt to hide the binding between the user profile and the user’s IP. All these issues make it relatively straightforward to deanonymize users in systems that rely on simple pseudonymity.”

Hartej Sawhney, the CEO and co-founder of cybersecurity agency Zokyo Labs, painted an even grimmer picture where knowing the victim’s address is enough for the attacker to use physical force and get what they’re after: “A thief with some effort can trace an IP address, show up at your house and apply rubber hose cryptography to get your keys.”

“We don’t believe that blockchain has the privacy benefits that I think some of its supporters first hoped,” Catherine Tucker, a professor of management at MIT Sloan and a co-founder of the Cryptoeconomics lab, told Cointelegraph, referring to the 2018 paper she co-authored with Susan Athey, a professor of economics at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, and Christian Catalini, a fellow MIT professor, who also works at Facebook’s Calibra.

Blockchain technology’s trademark immutability has large privacy consequences, Tucker added. She argued that sensitive information — like health care records — is not necessarily fit to be stored on a blockchain, contrary to what a number of industry startups are trying to achieve: “Ultimately, when it comes to the privacy of data, I worry most about the kind of data that if it is public, has persistent consequences for me economically — such as my genome, my underlying health factors — things that I can’t change. I don’t worry about data that tells an advertiser I want a particular pair of shoes on a day — that is temporary data, which may change tomorrow, and is unlikely to have persistent consequences. And the danger of blockchain is we may be creating immutable data that we have no idea what the consequences of it will be for an individual 10 years in the future.”

But what about permissioned blockchains — the ones that grant access only to relevant parties and market participants? “I’m not sure if there’s much difference between a permissioned blockchain and a shared database,” Harry Halpin, the CEO of privacy mixnet NYM Technologies, told Cointelegraph, adding that it “all depends on who has access or who is in your federation.” Karame went further, explaining that permissioned blockchains mostly rely on Crash fault tolerant or Byzantine fault tolerant — which have been studied better than proof-of-work and proof-of-stake — adding: “As the name indicates, CFT only tolerates crashes and does not provide any security against misbehavior otherwise. BFT systems, on the other hand, provide full tolerance to Byzantine behavior. Both CFT and BFT offer final consensus. This means that the confirmation output of such systems is final; most permissionless blockchains only offer eventual consensus guarantees, meaning that one’s transaction could be dismissed later in time — e.g., in case a block fork happens.”

While blockchain technology has been deemed hack-proof (in the sense that it has yet to be compromised on a systematic level), the crypto industry is basically a land mine when it comes to security breaches. Over $292 million and over 500,000 pieces of customer data were stolen from cryptocurrency exchanges in 2019 alone (it was the biggest year for cryptocurrency hacks so far, although the amount of stolen funds was much smaller compared to previous years).

If blockchain technology is so secure, why are industry actors getting hacked? There’s a variety of different techniques that attackers use, although most of the aforementioned breaches involved social engineering — i.e., some participation on behalf of the victim, like opening an infected email, using public Wi-Fi to log into cryptocurrency wallets, installing malicious apps, etc. There are also more niche methods like clipboard hijacking, cryptojacking and bug exploiting — but in most cases, hackers target people or company servers, and not blockchains.

Privacy coins can ensure some level of anonymity

Immutability doesn’t mean that blockchain technology cannot offer additional privacy, however. There are several privacy-oriented services, with Monero (XMR) and Zcash (ZEC) being the most popular examples. Both of them aim to protect the privacy of users by hiding transactions and their receivers through different methods. However, although privacy coins do offer a “decent level of privacy,” they still don’t make their users absolutely anonymous and leave some trail behind, said Karame: “Such systems are geared to provide sender anonymity, recipient anonymity, unlinkability of transactions, and hide as well the payment amount. They do not offer ‘absolute privacy’ though in the sense that the time that transactions are made is still publicly available. Such timing information could leak information about the geographic location of users.”

Normally, there are ways to trace even anonymity-focused technologies, as Jonathan Levin, a co-founder and the CSO of blockchain and crypto analytics firm Chainalysis — one of the primary sources of crypto transaction data for U.S. agencies — affirmed in an email exchange with Cointelegraph: “While not impossible, anonymity is very difficult to achieve due to humans needing to implement and use them.”

Moreover, regulators are overall not impressed with privacy coins and the anonymity they provide. Some jurisdictions, like South Korea and Poland, have gone as far as to force local exchanges to delist them, citing guidelines set out by the Financial Action Task Force. That drives those coins even deeper underground, applying additional stigma. Furthermore, as Halpin noted in a conversation with Cointelegraph, private blockchains such as Zcash and Monero “have all had critical bugs within the last year,” meaning that there is still a risk of getting exposed.

Other blockchains are not immune to regulatory problems

It’s not just niche blockchain products whose privacy-enabling features are being scrutinized by regulations, added Nir Kshetri, a University of North Carolina-Greensboro professor who studied blockchain’s roles in strengthening cybersecurity and protecting privacy. In fact, the Chinese government has already introduced regulations in that area in February 2019. Kshetri told Cointelegraph: “The regulation requires users to provide real names, as well as national ID card numbers, mobile phones or company registration to use blockchain services. User anonymity is thus not allowed. Blockchain services are required to remove ‘illegal information’ quickly in order to stop it from spreading among users. Providers of blockchain services are also required to retain backups of user data for six months. Moreover, law enforcement must be able to get access to data whenever it is necessary.”

The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation law that attempts to supervise blockchain data is another concern for blockchain technology’s privacy, Kshetri continued: “The GDPR assumes that there is a data controller. Data subjects enforce their data protection rights against the controller. Blockchain’s decentralization feature means that there is no single center of control.” Moreover, regulations are unclear on how blockchain’s data controller is determined so it’s unclear who’s legally accountable if personal data is abused. Kshetri concluded that immutability is also a cause for concern: “When a block is added, it is extremely difficult or even impossible to delete or modify data in the block. The difficulties of deleting blockchain data violates data minimization and purpose limitation provisions of the GDPR. The idea here is that personal data should not be held longer than needed to achieve the purpose for which the data is collected.”

Despite problems, blockchain has made progress

Nearly 10 years in, privacy remains a controversial topic for blockchain technology. Still, there has been “lots of progress” on this front, says Karame of NEC Laboratories Europe: “Privacy has been increased in most blockchains — both permissionless and permissioned — over time, and this also includes the privacy of lightweight clients that connect to these platforms as well.”

Indeed, anonymity-focused coins like Zcash, Dash (DASH) and Monero didn’t emerge until the mid-2010s, introducing a whole new level of privacy for cryptocurrency users. There are also cryptocurrency mixing services that picked up pace last year (they cloak the user’s info by creating temporary wallet addresses), although some governments are already onto them as well.

Besides, how anonymous can one really get in the digital age where data is the main currency? “Complete transparency is not necessarily an ideal place,” as Levin previously told Cointelegraph, because privacy can empower bad actors to facilitate illicit behavior like money laundering and illegal trading. Indeed, despite some privacy-related problems, blockchain remains an innovative technology with much greater yet fewer controversial use cases.

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CoinRule Review: Automated Crypto Trading Bots Platform

CoinRule Review: Automated Crypto Trading Bots Platform

Coinrule is an easy to use automated crypto trading solution aiming to be the “Lego tool-box”

for both technical and non-technical traders.Cryptocurrency traders can choose from a growing number of efficient, automated trading platforms that aim to simplify the entire process and allow anyone to make the most of their trading opportunities.Coinrule is an emerging, easy to use automated trading solution aiming to be the “Lego tool-box” for both technical and non-technical traders. The platform opens up a world of new trading possibilities for crypto traders used to dealing with more limited trading interfaces, and Coinrule allows anyone to choose from a number of set strategies which can be back-tested before being deployed.

More experienced traders can construct their own unique strategies, and as a result, traders of all levels can actively engage in the always open crypto market and trade 24/7. The platform supports popular exchanges including Binance, BitMEX, Coinbase Pro, and Kraken and can be accessed for free by using a Starter account. Paid subscriptions range from $29.99 to $249.99 per month with the differing account tiers designed to cater to traders of differing experience and activity levels.

Overview

Coinrule was founded in March 2018 by current CEO Gabriele Musella, and COO Oleg Giberstein. It was incorporated in the UK and holds the company number 11265766, Coinrule also retains an office at Level 32, 1 Ropemaker St, Citypoint, London EC2 9AW in addition to its registered office address at Fisher Close Flat 6, 2 Fisher Close, London, England, SE16 5AE. As a result, Coinrule can still be considered as an emerging trading solution and is in the process of developing its community and growing as a cryptocurrency trading solution.

The platform allows anyone to automate their trading in order to maximise their profits or accumulate coins and incorporates standard trading options such as regular market buy and sell orders, as well as stop-loss/take-profit orders, and re-buying orders. Coinrule can be used from any supported web browser and connects to over 10 leading cryptocurrency exchanges via API key connections with Binance, BitMEX, Bitstamp, Bittrex, Coinbase Pro, Kraken, and Poloniex all being supported. Anyone signing up is able to take advantage of the free Starter account with a demo exchange feature before deciding whether to opt for one of the paid subscription plans which start from $29.99 per month.

Key Features

  • Functionality – Coinrule operates as a web-based solution and the team have opted for a clean, simplistic design that appeals to traders of all levels. The platform also allows anyone to deploy trading “rules” without needing to know or use any code.
  • Technology – The platform works via API integrations with over 10 supported exchanges and the team highlight that all orders are sent to the market with minimum latency time. Orders normally take around 500 Milliseconds to reach the market, and Coinrule also makes use of SMS notifications, and data encryption to enhance its service.
  • Range of Tools – The platform incorporates an easy to use, modular rule configuration system which works via simple If/Then prompts. Popular trading strategies such as stop-loss, take profit, and buy the dip/breakout can be used to make the most of contrarian, maximization, and accumulation methods.
  • Range of Plans – The service can be used for free by signing up for a Starter account, while the Hobbyist plan costs $29.99 a month. The Pro plan costs $249.99 a month and provides access to 50 live/demo rules, and unlimited template strategies and integrated exchanges.
  • Customer Support –The Help Center contains a number of useful guides and resources which are also supplemented by the official blog. The team also tackle common questions in their FAQ section, and can be contacted by live chat, email, or by connecting via Facebook or Twitter.  

How to Get Started on CoinRule

To create an account, just click the “Sign Up” tab at the top right of the home page.

1) Create an Account

To register an account, you just need to enter an email address and create a password before agreeing to the Terms of Use.  There is also the option to sign up using your Google or Facebook account. After submitting your details, you will be sent a verification email which contains the code number you need to enter in order to complete the signup process.

2) Connect an Exchange

By clicking on the “Add Exchange” tab you can connect to your preferred exchanges via API keys. When opting for Binance, you will be prompted to enter your API key details along with your secret key information. From here you need to login to Binance in order to locate your API keys and this information can be found by clicking on “API Management” and then “Create API”. You can then name the API key and click “Create New Key”, before confirming your 2FA code and completing the key creation process by following all the instructions in the confirmation email. You will then be able to see the API keys, and you should edit your API key restrictions in order to maximize your security settings. You can now complete the API integration process by returning to the Coinrule Dashboard and entering the required information.

3) Create Your Rules

Creating strategies on Coinrule is pretty straightforward and you can get started by clicking on the “Create Rule” tab located at the top right of the Dashboard. You can then create easy to setup trading strategies based on “If/Then” parameters which allow you to quickly get going and take advantage of any market movements.

You first need to select an exchange, define the event (e.g. 15% BTC price decrease), and then enter in your buy/sell order. You can also click on the “Timer” tab to configure how you would like to schedule your trades. Here, the Demo account displays a market buy order for $2500 worth of BTC to be deployed twice should the price of Bitcoin drop by 15%. A tab at the top right of the page summarizes the rule’s key conditions, and you can double check everything is in order before clicking the “Launch” tab. You can also opt for a ready-made strategy from the template library, and when you select your preferred strategy, all the details will be automatically entered into the correct sections, and you can simply adjust the settings in order to configure the strategy exactly as you like.

Here with the “Buy The Dips + Stop Loss/Take Profit” Template, the strategy is automatically setup to make purchases in the event that any coin on your integrated exchange account drops by 10%. It will also then sell the same coin once it has increased by 5% to take profit, while the stop loss feature will also trigger a sale in the event that the price drops by 3%. The template has also been configured to automatically start immediately, and execute once a day with a maximum total of 10 executions. Once again, the tab at the top right of the page summarizes all the key conditions, and you can configure the template as you like, and even add further conditions before clicking the “Launch” tab.

Coinrule Pricing

The platform can be used free of charge for an undefined time period, although, the Starter account option is restricted to only 1 Connected Exchange, 2 Demo/Live Rules, and 7 Template Strategies. The Hobbyist plan costs $29.99 per month (billed as $359 annually) and provides access to 2 Connected Exchanges, 7 Demo/Live Rules, and 30 Template Strategies. Each paid plan also includes access to Advanced Indicators and the Trader Community. More active traders can also choose from either of the Trader or Pro packages which contain even more features and the Pro package provides access to Unlimited Connected Exchanges, 50 Demo/Live Rules, and Unlimited Template Strategies. It also allows anyone signing up to take part in one-to-one training sessions, and benefit from an ultra-fast data socket and costs $249.99 a month, billed as $2,999 annually. Payments are processed by Stripe and you will be required to enter your credit card details to make a one off purchase for one year’s worth of service.

Supported Exchanges

Coinrule currently supports over ten popular cryptocurrency exchanges which can be linked via API integration.

These include:

  • Bitfinex
  • Binance
  • Binance US
  • BitMEX
  • Bitpanda Pro
  • Bitstamp
  • Bittrex
  • Coinbase Pro
  • HitBTC
  • Kraken
  • Liquid
  • Poloniex

Is Coinrule Safe?

The team declare that each user has their own dedicated private key which has been generated separately, and these private keys are in turn stored on detached data storage which is encrypted with AES-256. Coinrule also only stores encrypted forms of all API keys using 256bit AES encryption, and the team also use data encryption in transit so all communication between their website <-> application backend <-> database/cache nodes is encrypted using TLS 1.2 or higher.

Coinrule also uses Ukey1 as a secure authentication gateway partner, and as a result the team do not store passwords in their database. Ukey1 also encrypts all personal data and passwords are hashed using advanced algorithms, while the website is further secured by using Cloudflare CDN as to protect against DDoS types of attacks. In addition, the Coinrule team are transparent in nature, and the key information about themselves and their corporate setup has been made publically available. This helps to develop trust, as users can easily identify exactly who is behind the project, which isn’t always the case with crypto projects. The trading platform was also incorporated in the UK, and operates in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom within the jurisdiction of England and Wales, meaning that users are protected by the extensive financial and commercial laws within the region.

With regards to payments, Coinrule processes your purchases by using Stripe, and transactions are marked as a Merchant-Initiated Transaction (MIT) by Stripe. As a result, all your payment details are confidentially secured, and neither Coinrule nor Stripe actually have access to your financial data. These factors help Coinrule quite a bit as the platform has only been operating since 2018, and if you run into any issues, you can contact the team directly or just speak to your credit card provider to rectify the situation.

As is always the case when using automated trading platforms and/or software, the most solid approaches always involve maximizing your own personal security in order to protect yourself from any attacks or serious issues. Simple measures such as keeping your login/personal information private will go some way to securing your account, while restricting your exchange account API and disabling withdrawals from within your account will protect you from the most serious security breaches.

When using Coinrule, you are not required to transfer any funds over, and the platform doesn’t have direct access to your crypto holdings. This is true for the the majority of trading bots or portfolio management tools as everything is done via an Application Programming Interface (API) which allows Coinrule to interface with its supported exchanges and collect price and account balance data as well as place buy and sell orders. The team can improve their security by incorporating 2FA authentication and notifying users of account activity via email/SMS. A mobile app will also allow users to keep track of their accounts while on the go, however, the platform is generally quite solid although Coinrule is still developing its online presence as well as trading community.

How Beginner Friendly is Coinrule?

To be honest, Coinrule is one of the most easy to use automated crypto trading platforms out there. While all trading platforms require some learning and take some time to get used to, Coinrule has been designed with less technical traders in mind, and the clean and simple interface make it easy to keep on top of whatever you are doing.

Rules can be created using “If/Then” parameters which are simple to understand and allow you to quickly get going, while the modular setup allows you to easily make changes and adjustments in order to configure any rule you create or template strategy that you would like to tweak. The team behind the platform designed it to be a “Lego tool-box” for cryptocurrency trading strategies and automated trading, and rules can be created quickly and back-tested before being launched. As a result, Coinrule should definitely suit less technical traders while still incorporating features that appeal to more technical traders. These include the ability to intricately create and configure strategies, and readymade templates can be configured to include additional conditions and triggers or to act in a much simpler manner if desired.

The platform also provides access to advanced TA tools and you can set up trading strategies based around RSI or moving averages approaches or follow much broader accumulation, contrarian, or take profit methods. However, the team can expand their service in the future to include more features such as trailing stop losses, additional technical indicators, and a mobile app. Anyone signing up to a Trader or Pro plan can receive one to one trading lessons, and the team also provide resources which help to explain how to use the platform and how the various aspects of engaging in automated crypto trading. Anyone interested in using the platform can always sign up for a free Starter account and test it out in order to figure out if opting for a  paid subscription will be beneficial.

Conclusion

Coinrule is a somewhat under the radar crypto trading platform which stands out due to its simplicity and ease of use. The “Lego” tool kit ideology has been well implemented as the platform’s clean and simple user interface and modular strategy configuration features make creating, tweaking, and testing strategies a relatively straightforward process for even less experienced traders. The platform also offers good exchange support and integrates with a range of leading crypto exchanges such as Binance, Coinbase Pro, Kraken, and BitMEX which should appeal to most traders as these exchanges provide good liquidity levels, and a wide range of coins to trade.

However, as easy as it is to use, Coinrule still has room to improve as more advanced users may be interested in deploying a wider range of TA based strategies than the RSI and Moving Averages strategies currently on offer. Also anyone looking to manually configure their own bots to perform more complex actions may be better served by a more extensive platform, and experienced traders may also be looking to sell their successful strategies, and interact with other users via an internal marketplace, and Coinrule currently doesn’t provide these features.

All in all, Coinrule is an interesting option for anyone looking to quickly get started in the world of automated crypto trading, and the platform is still emerging and developing in terms of it visibility, reputation, and online community. Anyone who is already active on any of the supported exchanges can always give Coinrule a try in order to improve on the limited trading options many of those exchanges currently offer. As ever, it’s a good idea to try out a free account and get a feel for the platform in order to see if one of the paid subscription plans will suit your particular needs and prove to be beneficial in the long run.

Article Produced By
Eugene Kem

Eugene holds a BA Honours Degree in Economics and remains passionate about the transformative potential of digital currencies. In addition to writing for Blockonomi, he is also conducts market analysis for Coincodex and Cyptocalibur.

https://blockonomi.com/coinrule-review/

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What is Sharding? This Ethereum Scaling Concept Explained

What is Sharding? This Ethereum Scaling Concept Explained

Sharding is a complex topic when applied to a decentralized network such as Ethereum – Find out more in our Complete Guide to Sharding

As the scaling debate in cryptocurrencies continues, some potential solutions have actually been in development for quite some time now.

Specifically, in the case of Ethereum, where a large focus is placed on decentralization and security at the expense of scalability, the application of sharding in conjunction with implementing Proof of Stake consensus is seen as the much needed mechanism through which the network can scale to practical levels for applications while still retaining its decentralization and security. Sharding is a complex topic, especially when applied to a decentralized, peer to peer network such as Ethereum where the global state of the network constantly is updated. So what exactly is sharding and how can it help blockchain networks to scale?

Sharding and Distributed Computing Background

Sharding is actually much older than blockchain technology and has been implemented in a variety of systems from business database optimizations to Google’s global Spanner database.

  • Essentially, sharding is a particular method for horizontally partitioning data within a database.
  • More generally, the database is broken into little pieces called “shards”, that when aggregated together form the original database.
  • In distributed blockchain networks, the network consists of a series of nodes connected in a peer to peer format, with no central authority.
  • As is the case with current blockchain systems, each node stores all states of the network and processes all of the transactions.
  • While this provides the high level security through decentralization, especially in Proof of Work systems such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, it leads to legitimate scaling problems.

Ethereum Sharding

Using Ethereum as an example, a full node in the Ethereum network stores the entire state of the blockchain, including account balances, storage, and contract code. Unfortunately, as the network increases in size at an exponential pace, the consensus only increases linearly. This limitation is due to the communication needed between the nodes needed to reach consensus. Nodes in the network do not have special privileges and every node in the network stores and processes every transaction. As a result, in a network the size of Ethereum’s, issues such as high gas costs and longer transaction confirmation times become noticeable problems when the network is strained. The network is only as fast as the individual nodes rather than the sum of its parts.

Sharding helps to alleviate these issues by providing an interesting, yet complex solution. The concept involves grouping subsets of nodes into shards which in turn process transactions specific to that shard. It allows the system to process many transactions in parallel, thus significantly increasing throughput. A simpler way to put it would to be imagining the division of the United States into states. While each state (a shard in this case) is part of the larger United States (Ethereum network), they have their own specific rules, boundaries, and subsets of populations. However, they do share a universal language and culture as part of their larger network that makes up the country.

Or even better, in Vitalik Buterin’s own words:

 “Imagine that Ethereum has been split into thousands of islands. Each island can do its own thing. Each of the islands has its own unique features and everyone belonging on that island i.e., the accounts, can interact with each other AND they can freely indulge in all its features. If they want to contact other islands, they will have to use some sort of protocol.”

As you can see, the concept of fragmenting the network into more efficient pieces allows the network to function as the sum of its parts, rather than being limited by the speed of each individual node.

How Does Sharding Work in Blockchains?

We will continue to use Ethereum as an example in this as it is the most well-known and arduous sharding attempts in the blockchain arena, as the Ethereum developers are implementing what is known as “state sharding”. The current state of the Ethereum blockchain is known as the “global state” and is what everyone can see when they look at the blockchain at a specific instance. The tricky part in implementing sharding in Ethereum is that by sharding the nodes into smaller subsets, these subsets need to be able to process specific sets of transactions while simultaneously updating the state of the network, all while ensuring it is valid.

Sharding in Ethereum is supposed to be implemented in a two phase rollout, more than likely after Proof of Stake is implemented in the network. Phase one will be the data layer consisting of the consensus of what data is in the shards. Phase two is the state layer. All of this is very fluid, so a general breakdown of how it may work is below. Ethereum breaks down the network into specific shards. Each shard is assigned a specific group of transactions that is determined by grouping specific accounts (including smart contracts) into a shard. Each transaction group has a header and a body that consist of the following.

Header

  • The shard ID of the transaction group
  • Assignment of validators through random sampling (verify the transactions in the shard)
  • State Root (state of the merkle root of the shard before and after transactions added)

Body

  • All of the transactions that belong to the transaction group that are part of the specific shard.

Transactions are specific to each shard and occur between accounts native to that shard. When transactions are verified, the state of the network changes and account balances, storage, etc are updated. In order for the transaction group to verify as valid, the pre-state root of the transaction group must match the shard root in the global state. If they match, the transaction group is validated and the global state is updated through the particular shard ID state root. Instead of only containing a state root, each block of the Ethereum blockchain now contains both a state root and the transaction group root. The transaction group root is the merkle root of all of the transaction groups from the specific shards for that block of transactions. Basically, there is a merkle root of all of the different shards that contain the updated and verified transaction groups. This root is stored in the blockchain along with the updated state root.

The employment of merkle tree concepts in this structure is vital to ensuring validity of the blockchain. Understanding how a merkle tree and specifically a merkle root work, can help you to grasp these concepts much more easily.Consensus within a shard is reached through a Proof of Stake consensus of randomly selected nodes that are applied to a shard for specific consensus round. This not only provides finality to the consensus, which is necessary within the shards, but also provides a particular defense to an attack that a Proof of Work blockchain would be susceptible to in this instance. The hash power required to overrun a specific shard in a PoW sharded network is drastically reduced and the ability for a malicious actor to take over a shard through computational power is feasible.

Through this, the bad actor could attack other shards through the communication protocol which is one of the more complicated and important features of sharding architecture. Random sampling selection of the validators within a shard manages to stifle this type of attack since a bad actor will not know which shard they are being placed in before they are actually placed in it. Further, random sampling will be used to select the validators that are actually validating from that random validating set. The communication protocol is vital to the sharding architecture functioning correctly in the system. You can think of the communication protocol as the universal language that is consistent among the states as part of the larger United States.

However, designing this protocol is highly challenging and needs to be performed so that it is only used when necessary. It becomes necessary when a specific node requires information that is not stored within its own shard and needs to find the shard with the requisite information. This communication is known as cross-shard communication. The cross-shard communication is achieved through applying the concept of transaction receipts. The receipt for a transaction is stored in a merkle root that can be easily verified but that is not part of the state root. The shard receiving a transaction from another shard checks the merkle root to ensure that the receipt has not been spent. Essentially, the receipts are stored in a shared memory that can be verified by other shards, but not altered. Therefore, through a distributed storage of receipts, shards are able to communicate with each other.

Sharding Moving Forward

Sharding in Ethereum is expected to be implemented after the Casper PoS upgrade. Recently, there have been some developments regarding Ethereum 2.0 which involve implementing both Casper and sharding. Sharding has also been implemented in a few other platforms, most notably Zilliqa. However, Zilliqa does not implement state sharding at this time and instead focuses on providing a high throughput blockchain by utilizing transaction and computational sharding.

Conclusion

Sharding serves to offer some promising solutions to the elephant in the room of blockchain platforms right now, scalability. While Bitcoin’s lightning network is in the testing phase and has been showing some very promising progress so far, Ethereum’s solution brings with it some unique challenges as it is pegged as a world computer that is Turing complete. Sharding will directly work only at the protocol level, so to the end user or dapp developer it may not be necessarily relevant to learn about. Regardless, Ethereum’s attempt at state sharding for a vast, decentralized network is an impressive endeavor and will be an enormous feat of accomplishment if successfully implemented.

Article Produced By
Brian Curran

Blockchain writer, web developer, and content creator. An avid supporter of the decentralized Internet and the future development of cryptocurrency platforms.

https://blockonomi.com/sharding/

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As of the time of this article’s writing BTC is trading at 8350 nearly 10 higher than it was trading for just 24 hours earlier

As of the time of this article's writing, BTC is trading at $8,350 — nearly 10% higher than it was trading for just 24 hours earlier

It’s been an explosive past 24 hours for Bitcoin. After printing a strong rejection at $7,800 on Tuesday evening that made many traders wary, the cryptocurrency finally broke out to the upside just hours later. It wasn’t an explosive move like the one that took Bitcoin from $7,000 to $7,700 late last week, but a move that was slow and controlled — something not seen too often in the ever-volatile crypto markets. As of the time of this article’s writing, BTC is trading at $8,350 — nearly 10% higher than it was trading for just 24 hours earlier, and more than 115% higher than the $3,700 lows seen in March’s “Black Thursday” crash.Although this move is still panning out, looking at the market data and technicals, analysts have become convinced that Bitcoin is decisively becoming a buyers’ market, which bodes as the latest block reward halving is now only two weeks away, estimates suggest.

There’s Plenty of Room for Bitcoin to Rally

According to an analysis by crypto derivatives trader Cantering Clark following the move to $8,400, what’s going on right now is suggestive that Bitcoin could rally even higher than it already has. He observed that with open interest, or the amount of capital locked up in the derivatives market, falling as Bitcoin has risen, there is still room for a “rush of momentum” when buyers are

convinced to step in:

There can still be a big herd rush of momentum when sidelined players catch up.An initial delayed response of participants, even better in very inefficient markets. Open interest not rising on futures gives plenty of room for BTC to run if we see some big hitters start piling on there.

In terms of technical trends, a number of resistance levels that were depressing the bullish case over the past few days have just been broken past. A daily candle close above $8,300 would invalidate the resistances, leaving BTC with more room to rally to the upside.

Not Out of the Woods Just Yet

Yes, there may be this convergence of positive signs but many have made it clear that the stock market is not yet out of the woods, despite its own ~40% rally from the March lows. This uncertainty puts Bitcoin at risk due to the cryptocurrency’s correlation with the stock market, specifically the S&P 500 index. As reported by Blockonomi previously, a note from Goldman Sachs shared by Bloomberg indicated that strategists at the multinational bank expect there to be a bearish shift in momentum in how the S&P 500 trades. The analysts said that with large-cap stocks, like Microsoft and Amazon, outperforming smaller-cap companies as of late, they’re worried a “large” downturn in markets

will follow suit:

Sharp declines in market breadth in the past have often signaled large market drawdowns. Narrow breadth can last for extended periods, but past episodes have signaled below-average market returns and eventual momentum reversals.

Goldman explained that the trend that has begun to transpire, where the gains are being consolidated in a few key players, is very similar to what happened during the Dotcom Bubble and Crash and the Great Recession. Fortunately, Bloomberg’s commodities desk, namely senior analyst Mike McGlone, wrote in a report earlier this month that Bitcoin is slowly maturing to an asset that is similar to the precious metal gold. The desk cited the increased adoption in the futures market, a growing number of users, and a decrease in the positive correlation between it and the S&P 500. Should this transition continue to gain steam, it could invalidate the sentiment Bitcoin will fall in the wake of another stock market drop.

Article Produced By
Nick Chong

Since 2013, Nick has shown interest in Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies. He has since become involved in the industry as a full-time content creator, working for NewsBTC, Bitcoinist, LongHash, among other outlets. Aside from covering the news, Nick is a Creative at Taiwanese technology company HTC.

https://blockonomi.com/bitcoin-rockets-bulls-take-over/

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